AP Bio Lab

However, the e pigments will eve up the chromatography paper at different rates because they are not e equally soluble to the solvent. Photosynthesis has two main stages, the lightheartedness reaction and the lightheartedness reaction. Light independent reactions occur only in the light a ND produce TAP and NADIA which are then used by the lightheartedness reactions to fuel its pr access. Part B of this lab involves differing variables of light and carbon dioxide and the effects they have on the rate of photosynthesis.In this experiment, the rate of photosynthesis will be assured through the floating of leaf disks in solution. Ill. Hypothesis, Materials, and Method part A: Hypothesis: The plant will produce varying bands of yellow and green pigment TTS along the chromatography paper. Part B: Hypothesis: The more light or carbon dioxide there is, the faster the rate of p Hottentots. IV. Variables Independent Variable: Colors of the bands Dependent Variable: Plant pigment part e: Indep endent Variable: Sodium bicarbonate solution Dependent Variable: Time each disk took to floatControl: Water/Soap solution without carbon dioxide V. Data and Observations. Part A: Plant Pigments and Chromatography Observations: The plant produced five visible bands of color: dark green, light green, green, light yellow and dark yellow. All of the bands were the same distance apart ex kept for band 4 and the solvent front which were both mm apart. Data: Band # Distance(mm) Band Color o. Scorn dark brown 2 1. Mm light green 3 2. Mm green 4 4. Mm light yellow Solvent Front 6. Mm dark yellow Part B: Photosynthesis

Inventory System Essay

Flipkart is a leading destination for online shopping in India, offering some of the best prices and a completely hassle-free experience with options of paying through Cash on Delivery, Debit Card,` Credit Card and Net Banking processed through secure and trusted gateways. Now shop for your favorite books, apparel, footwear, lifestyle accessories, baby care products, toys, posters, sports and fitness, mobile phones, laptops, cameras, movies, music, health and beauty, televisions, refrigerators, air-conditioners, washing machines, MP3 players and products from a host of other categories available. Some of the top selling electronic brands on the website are Samsung, HTC, Nokia, Dell, HP, Sony, Canon, Nikon, LG, Toshiba, Philips, Braun, Bajaj and Morphy Richards. Browse through our cool lifestyle accessories, apparel and footwear brands featured on our site with expert descriptions to help you arrive at the right buying decision. Flipkart also offers free home delivery for many of our products along with easy interest-free EMI options. Get the best prices and the best online shopping experience every time, guaranteed. EBay EBay is an Amerecan multinational internet consumer-toconsumer corporation, headquartered in San Jose, California.It was founded in 1995, and became a notable success story of the dot-com bubble; it is now a multi-billion dollar business with operations localized in over thirty countries. The company manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. In addition to its auction-style selling, the website has since expanded to include â€Å"Buy It Now† standard shopping; shopping by UPC, ISBN, or other kind of SKU (via Half.com); online classified advertisements (via Kijiji or eBay Classifieds); online event ticket trading (via StubHub); online money transfers (via PayPal) and other services. Shop Clues ShopClues.com is an online retail website, headquartered in Gurgaon, India. The company was founded in the Silicon Valley, USA in the year 2011 by an alumnus of Washington University and renowned Wall Street internet analyst  Sandeep Aggarwal and eBay’s former Global Product Head, Sanjay Sethi. ShopClues was the first e-commerce website in India that operated on the ‘managed marketplace model. Over 12,000 registered merchants retail +2,000, 000 products on the ShopClues platform to over 42 million visitorsevery year across 9500 locationsin the country. As per the citation, ShopClues joined as 35th entrant in the Indian e-commerce in 2011 and is reported to have made its way to the list of the top 6 e-commerce destinations in the country. The company has employees over 350 people across locations. Lazada Philippines Lazada Philippines is an online shopping website from Rocket Internet GmbH, which is an international online business incubator established in 1999; founded by the Samwer Brothers namely Alexander, Mac and Oliver. Lazada Philippines provides a wide array of products like consumer electronics, home appliances, clothes, school supplies, and more. The website utilizes a secure online transaction model in order to protect the privacy and vital informationof users. It offers payment methods such as the use of credit card or debit card, cash on delivery, and Banco de Oro (BDO) credit card installment. It also entitles customers to manufacturers’ warranties and returns policy. The Lazada Android app was also launched for free to download on the Google Play Store in June 2013. Related Studies Paki research nala neu ha internet about eu related studies hine nga supply inventory system parehas hitun related literature na ada ha egbaw. CHAPTER III METHODS AND PROCEDURES Research Design Research Environment Historical Notes Location Research Procedures Research Instruments Research Respondents Statistical Treatment Paki basa la ngan pake intendi hine nga chapter III? Kailangan han eu groupo mag study hine nga research sitaution Halimbawa/Example: kun teacher eu research study, kailangan about teacher method la it ebutang nganhi. Sugad hit design,environment,procedures ngan instruments, respondents naada naka butang ha igbaw. pag download nala kamu para about hine nga method and procedures basta related hit eu system study.. CHAPTER IV Document of the Current System The document of current system uses manual process in all its transaction. Personnel en-charge uses a manual process in managing the stocks and inventory of the office supply. Inventory is sometimes not updated, and products are not verified on time. Time and effort consumed in verifying the exact number of products and the personnel en-charge has to browse the stock room to count manually. Figure 4 – Current System Manual Flowchart Hardware Setup(waray ku maisip na pasible ngada hit eyu hardware setup) Software and Application Used( anu it eu gamit na software application?) Document of the Proposed System The Supply Inventory System basically support the primary processes of the business’ transactions. Implementation of Supply Inventory System will initiate some changes in the work flow of the EVSU B University business transactions. The School has lots of computer parts to offer etc. Software Requirements The following software requirements will make the system operational: Microsoft Windows 7 or higher PHP 5.3.1 MySQL Cascading Style Sheet(CSS) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome Hardware Requirements Specification The proponents recommended the following to make the system operational: Computer Set(Server) -Speed 64 bit 4 cores or higher -Resolution 1024Ãâ€"768 -RAM 8 GB or higher -Hard disk 750 GB or higher Computer Set (Clients) -Speed 1.50 GHz -Resolution 1024Ãâ€"768 -RAM 512 MB or higher -Hard disk 40 GB or higher Internet Connection Automatic voltage regulator Router or switches Lan cable Today, web applications are playing important roles in present online business industry. We can see from online office supply, mobile showrooms management, electronic and other school facilities office are operated through online. There are online office supply websites which are most popular and bus and train ticket reservation related projects. Considering importance of online web business we designed Supply Inventory System where users can find products spare parts, latest school facilities in the office supply of University. Computerized methods are useful in making work accurate, reliable, efficient, and capable for a very systematic and fast access in item of the product, every ordering and purchasing product must be versatile to the current trends and innovation in today’s changes in technology.

Edict the Expulsion of Jews (1492) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edict the Expulsion of Jews (1492) - Essay Example Some conversos—Jews who converted to Catholicism—flourished in places of learning and commerce. However, many ruling Spanish—both secular and religious—viewed these Jews with deep suspicion heightened by the fact that some conversos were insincere. Some chose to save their social and commercial status by embracing the Catholic faith, but privately adhering to their Jewish practice and faith. The Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion, was issued on March 31, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain—King Ferdinand II of Aragon, and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Ferdinand and Isabella took seriously the reports that some crypto-Jews who were not only privately practicing their former faith, but were secretly trying to draw other conversos back into the Jewish fold. In 1480, the king and queen created the Spanish Inquisition to investigate these suspicions; under the authority of this new institution, thousands of converted Jews were killed within 12 years. It is not known how many, if any, had lapsed from their new Christianity, or were trying to convince others to do the same. The said decree was issued less than three months after the surrender of Granada—a vassal state to Spanish royals for more than two centuries. It was Juan de Coloma, secretary of the king and queen, who wrote it at the royalties’ command. Under the edict, Jews were only given four months and ordered to convert to Christianity or leave the country. However, Jews were promised royal "protection and security" for the effective three-month window before the deadline. They were permitted to take their belongings with them - except "gold or silver or minted money". In the edict, Jews were accused of trying "to subvert their holy Catholic faith and trying to draw faithful Christians away from their beliefs." The punishment for any Jew who did not convert or leave by the deadline was death. The punishment for a non-Jew who sheltered or hid Jews was the

Analysis impact of firm-specific information on a company's stock Essay

Analysis impact of firm-specific information on a company's stock returns - Essay Example Accordingly, a brief literature review will be shown which helps to underscore and elaborate upon many of the specific theoretical interpretations of the methods utilized within this report. Additionally, a demonstration of development of event study is included and defined. Furthermore, the third part of the piece will include a methodology review. The explanations of approaches which have been utilized to conduct this report will be given as well as some assumptions and critical common factors that are associated with this methodology. Likewise, a research design and results section will comprise the fourth part of this analysis. Ultimately, the issues which will be explored will be analyzed based upon an event study method. This part will begin with defining the date of events and then choose the estimated period and test period. Following this, marker models will be chosen as the benchmark for abnormal returns. Similarly, a linear regression for the market will be chosen. At this time, ordinary least square assumptions will be necessary to estimate the stability. Based on the results of linear regression, the abnormal return will be calculated. Next, the Cumulative abnormal return, or CAR will be utilized as a means of indicating the effect of events. A T-tests by CAR will be presented to show the significant of these events. A final part will necessarily be the conclusion of this report. It will show the basic information of this report and summarize it according to the inference which has been drawn. Background information InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) is global hotel group which operate nine hotel brands (which in turn comprise a total of 4,600 hotels in more than 100 countries and regions, more than 676,000Â  rooms). IHG was established in 1946 and is the world's largest and most widely distributed network of professionally managed hotels. IHG operates in three different ways. First, IHG operates as a franchisor, second as a management accessory, and thirdly it operates as a rental basis. In addition, the franchise has been recognized as an effective business philosophy by many leaders within the industry. This report chose four specific events to explore the relationship with the IHG stock price volatility for a period time. These four events are shown below: (1) 18th April 2012: IHG shows its support for small business owners, entrepreneurs and Road Warriors. (2) 7th August 2012: IHG reported interim results from the 30th June 2012 and announced $1bn return of capital. (3) 8th October 2012: IHG reported the results of general meeting about Special Dividend and Share Consolidation. (4) 12th November 2012: IHG announces new Vice President of Development in Europe. Literature review Efficient Markets Hypothesis(EMH) The Efficient Markets Hypothesis(EMH)arose in 1970 by Eugene Fama. "Efficient market hypothesis" was developed by Louis Bachelier (1900) who was from the perspective of the stochastic process. Bachelier studied t he movement of Brownian motion, stock price changes, and recognized that the effectiveness of the market information, present events, and even the discounted value of the future events, are reflected in market prices. The efficient market theory is that the market price already contains all the available information. Based on the past information and

Ethics in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in Criminal Justice - Essay Example The prohibition of such punishments was influenced by the need to make punishments more rational and â€Å"less painful†. In a case involving the United States and Weems in 1910, a US court ruled that sentencing the convict to 20 years chained imprisonment for giving false testimony amounted to a cruel and unusual punishment. Lionel Tate was accused and initially sentenced for killing Tiffany Eunick in cold blood, callously and indiscriminately an in a cruel manner. The court in its decision sentenced Tate to life imprisonment after considering the evidences presented before it. Even though the defendant later appealed on several bases and was finally set free, the juvenile could be charged for aggravated child abuse, felony murder, premeditated murder, and for giving false testimony (Findlaw.com, 2003). Tate testified to the effect that he accidentally picked Tiffany and knocked her on the table although it is clear that the injuries that the latter sustained were graver than those which could be inflicted through such an action. The defense to these charges would be to claim that Tate did not understand the consequences of his actions due to mental incompetence. Tate being subjected to life imprisonment was a clear act of cruel and unusual punishment given that he was a juvenile and was supposed to be dealt with as such. Instead, he was sentenced more like a competent adult – an act which was quite irrational. Alex and Derek King were charged for conspiring to murder and murdering their further in cold blood. Apart from committing murder, the two brothers ought to be charged for committing an act of arson as they set their house ablaze after committing the first crime (CNN, 2002). With two mutually exclusive judgments arising from the evidences given by Alex, Derek and Chavis, it is almost certain that the parties could have given false testimonies to the

Evaluation assessing modern American Capitalism and its impact on our Essay

Evaluation assessing modern American Capitalism and its impact on our culture - Essay Example This has led to the increase of profit margins and maintenance of the status quo of the bourgeoisies, who are the sole proprietors of the factors of production. This research paper assesses the modern American societies’ view of the term profit maximization in comparison to the traditional American society’s view of a reasonable profit and mutual benefit from an exchange. In the modern American society, profit maximization is viewed as the basis of a dominant business model. This model ensures the proper use of all the factors of productions such as labour and land. It is also necessary to note that that profit maximization does not involve the over-exploitation of customers (Calvin & Sandomir 123). This is because excellent products and services will capture the attention and loyalty of customers, thus ensuring maximization of the profit margins of any business organization. In the modern American business cultural environment, the currency trade dominates the economy. This contrasts with the traditional American economy where barter trade was perceived as the finest means of trade. The modern American society also considers profit maximization as a perfect social business. This is an emerging business system, in this American civilization era, where profit entity’s primary aim is to benefit the whole society. ... For instance, the traditional marketing economy viewed a reasonable profit in several diverse ways. First, traditional owners of the factors of production argued that an increased investment, in the capital market or fixed capital, was the basis of a reasonable profit. The assets, in the traditional capitalistic competition, were the major constant factor that increased productivity and maximization of profit margins (Lichtenstein 122). In cases of reduced margin of surplus labour, the capital market increased the production as well as reasonable profit. Traditionally, the capitalistic view of profit maximization can be concluded as primitive as compared to the modern ones. In the modern American society, profit maximization, as a result of surplus production, is acquired through technological advancements. In the traditional capitalistic competition markets, profit maximization was solely experienced though forced and harsh labour conditions. This, in turn, highly undermined the soc ial and cultural prestige of the traditional American societies. The modern America free enterprise economy has to some extent, weakened cultural practices especially in the investment strategies carried out by business organizations. Self-interest is the basis in which the modern American capitalistic competition is based upon. This opposes the traditional communalism nature where capitalistic competition was focused towards benefiting the whole society (Calvin & Sandomir 145). This, in turn, enhanced the peaceful coexistence in the marketing economy and social cohesion. Serving self-interests, in the modern American society, has led to the

Week 6 posts 6330 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 6 posts 6330 - Assignment Example Insertion of urinary catheters using aseptic technique in female patients is very sensitive practice and it requires a comprehensive knowledge in the area in order to avoid causing any harm. The description you have given is quite informative and I must agree that the systematic learning experience will definitely ensure the students that attend the class are well versed with the technique. Similar to what Billings and Halstead (2012), state in their text that learning objectives and checklist provide direction for students while practicing and learning the clinical skill, I found this to also apply to your learning experience design. It is true that may people do not consider self-administration of insulin to be a sensitive matter that needs care and hygienic conditions. You have mentioned that the skill will be learned over several sessions. Do you think that patients will be patient enough to attend all those sessions? Your post made me recall a sad situation I had in my childhood when a fellow student leg had to be amputated due to a wound infection that was not well dressed. He had stepped on a nail on his way from a camping site and after going to the nearby health Centre, the nurse who attended to him did not carry out the right procedure and soon after my friends leg was in a worse situation. It is therefore important for nurses to prioritize such a small topic such as would assessment with great interest. Just the way Silverstone (2004) elaborate more on the importance of proper educational practices a proper evaluation method that is valid and authentic must be used to leave no room for

Theology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Theology - Assignment Example The lesson that was learnt from this verse is that, the purpose of a man was created even before he came into existence. The warnings of Jeremiah from the first to the sixteenth chapter of the book are targeted to the people of Judah as God warned them to repent and turn back to him (Attridge). Their refusal to yield would be that, God would destroy them. One is quite familiar with these prophetic warnings from God through Jeremiah to the people of Judah. One thing that is quite surprising is that, God actually knew that, the people would not heed the warning as they were a stubborn and rebellious people. But, he still went ahead to warn them, so they would not have any excuse that, they were not warned. This brings one to the conclusion that, God would not punish his people without warning them. In the first chapter of the book of Jeremiah, the prophet gave God the excuse that, he was too young for the task ahead of him. I would like to know the exact age of Jeremiah at the time of his calling. I am of the opinion that, he must have been very young at the time of his commissioning by

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language.

The Wife of Bath’s Faithfulness Essay Example for Free

The Wife of Bath’s Faithfulness Essay In The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer reveals the characteristics of the Wife of Bath through her tale and background. Chaucer portrays the Wife of Bath as a woman of faith through her religious actions and beliefs despite her human faults. Chaucer states in the General Prologue that â€Å"not a dame dared stir/ [t]owards the altar steps in front of her,† meaning that no one stepped in front of her to receive communion (GP ll. 459-460). If one did go ahead of her, â€Å"so wrath was she/ [a]s to be quite put out of charity† (GP ll. 461-462). Chaucer depicts the Wife of Bath as eager to receive the Sunday communion. By displaying her eagerness to receive communion, Chaucer explains that she has compassion for the Church. Furthermore, the Wife of Bath displays her respect for the church by dressing in her best outfits such as â€Å"hose [that] were of the finest scarlet red† (GP l. 466). Also, Chaucer states that the Wife of Bath â€Å"had five husbands, [but she had them] all at the church door† (GP l. 470). In the eyes of the church getting married at the church door is a sign of her faith. In her tale, the Wife of Bath expresses a dislike for the â€Å"holy friars,† whom she describes as having â€Å"seem[ed] to have purged the air† (W l. 10). Purging the air in this case refers to the friars raping the fairies. The Wife of Bath conveys loyalty to the church by expressing concern that the â€Å"holy friars† would commit the terrible sin of rape, considering their position in the church. Also in her story, she tells of a knight who raped a maiden (W l. 34). The king was to â€Å"condemn [] the knight to lose his head/ [b]y course of law,† but the queen begged the king to let her impose the sentence (W ll. 37-38). As a result, the king gave her the authority to decide the fate of the knight. The queen summoned the knight to ask him the question, â€Å"what is the thing that women most desire?† (W l. 51). If he answered the question correctly within a year and a day, then he could keep his life (W l. 50). With the help of the Wife of Bath, the knight returned with the right answer and his life was saved (W l. 191), and then kept his pledge to marry her (W 1. 201). She makes the pledge to the knight to be a faithful and fair wife (W 1. 387). The Wife of Bath reveals her own faithfulness through the knight’s integrity to return to the queen with an answer. Through her tale and her own actions, the Wife of Bath presents herself as a woman of faith.

Lasting Effects of Childhood Trauma

Lasting Effects of Childhood Trauma Dave Pelzer is the victim of the third-worst child abuse case in the history of California. In his book A Child Called â€Å"It†, he says, â€Å"I knew I was never meant to be loved. I knew I would never live a life like my brothers. Worst of all, I knew it was only a matter of time until Kevin [his baby brother] would hate me, just like the others did† (Pelzer 145; ch.7). In this quote, Pelzer demonstrates just the emotional aspect of the effects of childhood trauma. He was so abused by his mother that he thought he was never meant to be loved. According to ER Nurse Lynda Gibbons, â€Å"Domestic violence [child abuse/trauma] refers to the use or threat of physical, sexual or emotional force by spouses, partners, relatives, or anyone else with a close relationship with their victims.† Childhood trauma can have many lasting emotional, psychological, and physical effects. As a method of abuse, Pelzer’s mother would tell him that she had received a letter from the North Pole, or the Principle (which was a lie; Pelzer was a good student) saying Pelzer had been a â€Å"bad boy,† and would then proceed to punish him for it. The continued abuse left Pelzer feeling worthless and like everything was his fault. This form of abuse is called emotional abuse, and its effects are precursors of more serious effects. Emotional abuse can affect many areas of your life, with the most frequently affected being relations with family members. Women who were abused as children will most likely have an extremely difficult time raising a child. To feel like they are still in control (because control is frequently essential in the daily lives of previously abused women), they will enact measures of aggression, submission, or any number of different â€Å"extremes† that are unique to the individual (Prescott). These measures are necessary to them because of the traumatic experiences of their youth. As a result, the child will feel like his or her mother has lost her mind and will distance himself or herself from her. This distance can have the same emotional detriment as neglect, a form of emotional abuse, and can leave lasting effects on the child’s mind. Adults who experienced CPA (Childhood Physical Abuse) and CSA (Childhood Sexual Abuse) may be over- or under-protective of their child, resulting in an unhealthy relationship or one the child perceives as â€Å"unloving† (Prescott). Adults who were abused as children may have a hard time connecting with their friends and family. The victim’s friends fade away in many cases, as they are too afraid of other people to spend time with them. The victim may also have an extremely difficult time forming new relationships, since that would require reaching out to strangers, which is hard for someone with that kind of emotional damage to do. Most victims of emotional abuse do not know how to handle themselves around people they are not familiar with and lack the understanding of people required to form lasting emotional bonds. Victims of abuse may also suffer from a lack or absence of self-esteem. Dave Pelzer experienced many forms of abuse, but there was one instance that damaged his self-esteem more than others. In an effort to destroy his self-respect, Pelzer’s mother attempted to make him eat his baby brother’s defecation (Pelzer 55-57). This disgusting example of abuse threw Pelzer into a well of despair and self-destructive thoughts. Damaging a child’s self-esteem is a nearly sure-fire way to damage them emotionally, because the way we view ourselves is essential to how we react to different things that occur. For example, if a child who had been previously abused and punched by an adult, he or she may believe it is his or her fault because the abuse lowered hi or her self-esteem to such a point that he or she has no sense of self-worth. Low self-esteem and continued abuse can lead to self-destructive behavior later in life. To back this up, a study was done in 1994 on previously abused women; 65-70% of women who suffered abuse as children were considered â€Å"permanently damaged† by professional psychiatrist. In an effort to recover, the women had to sit in with a psychiatrist and be told, repeatedly, that it was not their faults they were abused; it was the abusers’ (Prescott). Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can be even more detrimental to a person’s self-esteem. In a recent article on dealing with the effects of CSA, Andrya Prescott says that â€Å"some [people] may find it very emotionally traumatic, some may be in denial.† Denial is a coping mechanism that prevents someone from consciously experiencing the pain or trauma from an event by making the person believe it did not actually happen (even though they subconsciously know it did). Another factor in the amount of perceived damage to a person’s emotional state is how early in life the trauma occurs. If the trauma occurs earlier in life, it has a far more powerful ef fect on the victim. This extends to even prenatal trauma, experienced by the mother and then the fetus has the same biochemical, and therefore emotional, response. This feeling of distress is â€Å"imprinted† on the child’s subconscious, and can go on to cause anxiety and low self-esteem (Harris). This â€Å"imprinted† trauma acts like a trigger, and, when detonated by CPA or CSA, can result in severe psychiatric disorders (Jovanovic et al.). Victims of CPA and CSA are nearly always affected by their former abuse later on in life. They often develop phobias, which are defined as fears with no rationale behind them, or â€Å"irrational fears.† Just for example, women who were abused as children often have a large phobia of needles and men (Prescott). These fears can go on to disrupt their everyday lives as adults, and their interactions with other people. Parents who experienced child abuse will often distance themselves from their children, because they fear their child â€Å"being abused† and often even fear themselves abusing their child (Prescott). While some may see this as foolish, it is sensible. The adult was abused, so they fear they will turn into their parents and start abusing their kids. This is referred to as the â€Å"cycle of abuse.† Another common fear that some survivors of abuse experience is the fear of being strapped down or held (Prescott). Some of these fears make more sense than others, but they all can have a serious effect on a person’s life. People who were abused often have â€Å"latent fears,† or fears that stick around subconsciously. A major sign of latent fears is flashbacks. People who experience CPA or CSA may have extreme reactions and flashbacks triggered by everyday items or occurrences: i.e. kitchen utensils or alarm clocks going off (Prescott). Flashbacks occur when someone is reminded of a traumatic experience, and he or she remembers that experience in vivid detail, in a way that is comparable to living it a second time. These flashbacks can be very hard on someone who is already suffering emotionally, and can even compound the trauma that is already there and undo any therapy the victim has received since the incident. Latent fears are especially prevalent in women when they are raising a child. Giving birth can be extremely traumatic for a woman who has experienced CSA and can do lasting harm to the relationship between herself and her child. The mother does not show love to the child, for fear of growing close to anyone, and the child does not show love to her child, etc. This is part of the cycle of abuse, but is more based on neglect than actual abuse (Prescott). Psychological effects are a step up from emotional effects. The emotional injuries that accumulate from abuse often hide deep inside a person’s subconscious, causing them to develop nearly-permanent psychological issues. Studies have shown that women are â€Å"more vulnerable† to the effects of CPA and are affected for far longer periods of time than men (Haatainen et al.).Usually the first thing that is affected psychologically is a person’s stress response. When one experiences something that his or her body recognizes as â€Å"stressful,† it initiates the HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. This axis controls the amount of hormones that are circulating through his or her body at any given time. When one experiences stress, it releases cortisol, also called the â€Å"stress hormone.† Cortisol, along with epinephrine and a few other hormones, activates one’s â€Å"fight-or-flight† response. The heart will beat faster, blood flo w to the brain increases, and the muscles receive more oxygen, all to prepare one to react to whatever the stressful stimulus is. When a child experiences trauma or stress repeatedly over a long period of time, his/her body loses the ability to â€Å"calm down†; essentially, he or she is always in a fight-or-flight response. This can lead to the development of phobias and an increased or decreased base cortisol level (Simkin). Penny Simkin, discussing this inability to â€Å"calm down,† says: During trauma, an individual reacts with one or two basic survival responses: a sympathetic nervous system response –‘fight or flight’—or a parasympathetic nervous system response—‘freezing’ [. . . .] If the trauma is repeated frequently, the child learns to never let her guard down, which leads to an inability to turn off these adaptive responses when there is no danger. A recent test done on people who experienced early life stress (ELS) showed that ELS has extreme neurobiological effects. These effects include an overbalance of cortisol, which can lead to a number of illnesses and conditions (Jovanovic et al.). According to Tanja Jovanovic, ELS can have a long lasting effect on the human mind. She says, â€Å"early-life stress (ELS) is a predictor of adult MDD [Major depressive disorder], whereas ELS and adult trauma are both predictors of PTSD [Post-traumatic stress disorder]† (Jovanovic et al.). This suggests that ELS acts like a fuse, and the adult trauma is the trigger that sets the fuse off, ending in a psychiatric disorder such as PTSD (Jovanovic et al.). A childhood of physical and sexual abuse can also lead people to seek other means of release, such as drugs or alcohol. Dr. Rebecca Reeve, in an article on the long-term effects of child abuse, says, â€Å"Among men, the probability of drug abuse rose from 7.5 per cent generally to 2 5.8 per cent for those who had suffered combined [CPA and CSA] abuse.† This is saying that people who experienced child abuse develop a dependency on alcohol often because they need to be relieved of the emotional stress of their trauma (Reeve). Another major psychological effect from child abuse is developmental problems. In fact, children who are abused frequently lose memories of their childhood, as a coping mechanism in their subconscious. In this way, they lost an essential portion of their development, causing them to be behind others in speech, intellect, or social ability (Simkin). Children need a constant positive parental influence to develop correctly. Without a guiding hand, children are much more likely to develop extreme behavioral problems, when accompanied by instability in the household (Bakker et al.). Early trauma can also have a direct influence on the development of a child’s brain. Trauma during childhood could result in halted growth of the hippocampus, the part of the brain that is used to learn and store memories. It could also damage the prefrontal cortex, which â€Å"regulates† behavior (Suyaga et al.). Stress plays a large role in this halted development as well. If a child is subjec ted to long periods of heightened stress, it increases the amount of CBGs (corticosteroid-binding globulin) that are produced. This change can often be permanent. As more CBGs are produced than there are at normal levels, it binds to cortisol, neutralizing it. Since there is less free cortisol in the blood, there is more perceived stress. This overbalance causes extended periods of stress in which more cortisol and CBGs are produced in a vicious cycle, leading to the development of PTSD, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and other psychiatric disorders (â€Å"Childhood Trauma†). In a test conducted by ISTSS (International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies), it was found that people who were victims of CPA had a much higher percentage of at least one psychiatric disorder and a higher suicide attempt rate than people who did not experience CPA (Suyaga et al.). Childhood trauma also has a lasting effect on one’s internal body systems. According to a recent study on the effects of early life stress, ELS that stems from child abuse (CPA or CSA) can result in neurohormonal development issues, which can cause permanent hormonal dysfunction disorders[ i.e. dwarfism] (Carpenter et al.). Adults who were abused as children may also be damaged in such a way that they abuse their children. They were accustomed to beatings and being maltreated, and it became commonplace and in some wrong way, right. When they are parents (if they are ever able to overcome the trauma and have children), they treat their children in the same way, because of some subconscious compulsion. The history of CPA in adults is greatly related to the number of physically abuse children. In other words, adults who were abused are much more likely to abuse their children (Haatainen et al.). Childhood abuse and trauma can have many serious effects, but the most serious of those are most likely the physical effects. In a way, physical effects are all the other effects compounded. Emotional effects are formed primarily, based on responses to stimuli in the womb or in early formative years. These effects are the longest lasting, and contribute to the production of negative thoughts, which mutate into psychological effects. These psychological effects are buried in the subconscious, which conflicts with the victim’s rational thinking later in life. This conflict produces physical effects, such as a lowered immune system, and the development of long-term conditions, such as asthma and cancer. One of the biggest effectors is cortisol. Cortisol is produced as a result of the stressful stimuli. In large amounts, cortisol can damage the body by decreasing bone formation, breaking down necessary fat, and dissolving muscle. This can lead to a lack of immune support, weight l oss, and other symptoms associated with stress. This is called a â€Å"psychosomatic response†Ã¢â‚¬â€when the thoughts or emotions of the brain evolve to physically effect the body. Another psychosomatic response is insomnia. Boston University Medical Center, on the subject of insomnia, states, â€Å"unexplainable lifelong insomnia is usually attributed to a neurological abnormality, according to sleep disorders specialist Sanford Auerbach, M.D., but he found that in nine of his patients insomnia was tied to previous sexual abuse† (qtd. in â€Å"Adult†). The victims in another study done by Boston University said that they could not sleep because when they tried to, they experienced fear and stress. This also prevented them from relaxing on vacation, when their symptoms actually worsened (â€Å"Adult†). They could not sleep simply from fear of abuse. In a study that occurred in 1982, psychologists did psych profiles on women who came to the hospital for a breast biopsy. Using only psychological factors, they were able to determine which women had breast cancer with a 94% success rate (Harris). A big part of physical effects is actual injury from the abuse. Victims of CPA may be left with poorly-working joints or muscles, as well are permanent tissue damage to areas such as the brain (Gibbons). David Kissen, a prominent British surgeon in the 1960’s, did some research in Scotland on the relationship between emotional repression and cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. He found that smokers who repressed emotions were five times more likely to develop cancer than those who shared their emotions openly (Harris). This study shows that if someone â€Å"bottles up† his or her emotions, it damages the body. This occurs from the buildup of cortisol, which lowers the immune system and can even upset cellular biology in some cases, leading to cancer (Harris). As a general observation, it seems that cortisol, the â€Å"stress hormone,† is at the center of all of these effects. Perhaps it plays a more prominent role than most doctors realize? In any case, stress levels are the key to how child abuse affects people later in life, resulting in a near-inability to love, lowered immunity, psychiatric disorders, and, in some major cases, cancer. Child abuse certainly has a much larger effect on its victims than we were previously aware of. Works Cited â€Å"Adult Insomnia and Childhood Sexual Abuse.† Total Health 15.5(1993): n.pag. Alt  Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Bakker, Martin P., et al. â€Å"Childhood Family Instability and Mental Health Problems During Late  Adolescence: A Test of Two Mediation Models.† Journal of Clinical Child and  Adolecent Psychology 41.2(2012): 166-176. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences  Collection. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Carpenter, Linda L., et al. â€Å"Effects of Child Physical Abuse on Cortisol Stress Response.† Psychopharmacology 214.1(2011):367-375. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences  Collection. Web. 8 Feb. 2014. â€Å"Childhood Trauma Linked to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.† Massage Magazine 54  (2009):23. Alt Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Gibbons, Lynda. â€Å"Dealing with the Effects of Domestic Violence.† Emergency Nurse 19.4  (2011): 12-17. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Haatainen, K.M., et al. â€Å"Gender Differences in the Association of Adult Hopelessness with  Adverse Childhood Experiences.† Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology  38.1(2003): 12. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Harris, Gerald A. â€Å"Early Childhood Emotional Trauma: An Important Factor in the Aetiology of  Cancer and other Diseases.† European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 7.2(2006): 2-10.  Alt Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Jovanovic, Tanja, et al. â€Å"Child Abuse is Associated with Increased Startle Reactivity in  Adulthood.† Depression and Anxiety 26.11(2009): 1018-1026. Psychology and  Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Pelzer, Dave. A Child Called â€Å"It†. Omaha: Omaha, 1995. Print. Prescott, Andrya. â€Å"Childhood Sexual Abuse and the Potential Impact on Maternity.†Ã‚  Midwifery Matters 92(2002): 17-20. Alt Healthwatch. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. Reeve, Rebecca. â€Å"The Truth is That the Effects of Child Abuse are Long-Lasting.† Editorial.  The Sydney Morning Herald 07 Oct. 2013: 18. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Simkin, Penny. â€Å"Child Abuse as Loss.† International Journal of Childbirth Education 20.3  (2005): 38-40. Alt Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Suyaga, Louisa, et al. â€Å"Child Physical Abuse and Adult Mental Health: A National Study.†Ã‚  Journal of Traumatic Stress 25.4 (2012): 384-392. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences  Collection. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.

Counseling Processes Essay -- essays research papers fc

In counseling, there are many processes used by a counselor in his sessions with a client. These may be done in a specific order or however which way the counselor sees them to be appropriate. Listed below are the different processes that may be undertaken during a counseling session. 1. Before meeting a counselee, the counselor tries to find out as much as he can about the former. This is done so that he may discern what will help the client most. Also, he has to fathom the counselee's past so that he will know beforehand how he can help him. 2. The counselor and the counselee take some time to get to know each other. This is a process that works both ways, as does the entire counseling process upon which they are about to embark. In the process, the counselee's needs are assessed and appropriate therapy may be chosen. 3. Questionnaires or tests may be given to the counselee to prove or disprove the counselor's initial findings. It may be too early to judge the counselee right away but this may help the counselor in the totality of the sessions. 4. The counselor needs to determine, with greater accuracy, the nature of the emotion and experience that is behind the counselee's current difficulties by further detailed examination of the latter's history. Some of the issues and patterns raised in the questionnaires or tests may be raised and any relationships that may be analogous to initial observations may be noted with the behaviors and feelings involved. 5. The counselor ...

Tender is the Night Book Response Essay -- Literary Analysis, Fitzgera

Fitzgerald accommodates various central themes throughout his novel Tender is the Night. In the novel we witness one of the main characters, Dick, regress from being a man of great social stature who is portrayed as an exalted person whom we idolize as a reader, to a man who loses everything and has his life decimated by the end of the novel. This constructs one of the foremost themes of the novel, Dick’s transformation over the course of time. Additionally we see many people for the duration of the novel who have thoughts of affairs, actually carry out affairs, and those who just have abounding thoughts of affection for members of the opposite sex. Rosemary acquires fondness for many different men. Dick actually has an affair with Rosemary, and Nicole has an affair with Tommy Barban. This initiates the prevalent theme of affairs throughout the novel. In addition, the way Dick epitomizes a father figure to many women in the novel is a theme as well. The central character in Tender is the Night, Dick Diver, starts out as someone whom we admire as a reader until his world falls apart in the end of the novel. Rosemary is infatuated with Dick in the beginning of the novel. Rosemary feels as if â€Å"Against his hard, neat brightness everything faded into the surety that he knew everything† (31). The characters in this novel are captivated by Dick’s mesmerizing personality; â€Å"to be included in Dick Diver’s world for a while was a remarkable experience† (27), â€Å"He won everyone quickly with an exquisite consideration and a politeness that moved so fast and intuitively that it could be examined only in its affect† (27-28). It is also expressed that â€Å"Dick’s attention seemed to paralyze† (33) McKisco while engaging in a conversation ... ... she has never had a palpable father. Dick acts as that father when they are married and provides her with the same type of affection that a father would have for his daughter. Dick’s transfiguration over time, affairs, and Dick’s embodiment of a father figure to women are all considerable themes of the novel. These themes help present to us the different aspects of this time period. Obviously during this time affairs were rampant among married individuals. Along with that we see how women of this time depended on men to some extent because of the way Dick is a father figure to many women. Furthermore, they help us see how Dick is affected by his job and we see how dealing with mental patients takes its toll on him over the course of time. Each of these distinct themes contributes to the understanding of the novel as a whole and greatly assists the reader.

Hip Hop Essay

Music has been around since the beginning of civilization. Music was used to tell myths, religious stories, and warrior tales. Since the beginning of civilization music has greatly progressed. Music still tells a story, we know just have many genres to satisfy the cultural and social tastes of our modern society. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. It’s increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. Technological advances has made it easy for Hip Hop to spread out globally. This occurrence of globalization is a key example that as our cultural borders are broken down by technology, our own cultural and social practices become fluid. Although there are many positive and negative comments about the globalization of Hip Hop, it is a reflection of the growing phenomenon occurring all over the world. Hip hop originated in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop can also be described as an entire subculture (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). The term Hip Hop is said to have come from a joke between Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and their friends (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). Although Hip Hop was created on American soil, it’s influences are global. It can be said that Hip Hop might be a result of ethnic globalization. Hip Hop has roots in African, Caribbean, and Latino culture (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). Spoken word, which is still popular today is also an influence in Hip Hop music and culture. Spoken word is a style of poetry spoken in a rhythmic fashion. Hip Hop ranges from rap music, to B-boy dance. It was a platform to empower ethnic youth without violence. Hip Hop in the beginning was essentially still an underground subculture. It was popular with many ethnic communities but it was not popular in the mainstream music industry. This all changed with the band Blondie and their song â€Å"Rapture†. â€Å"Rapture† is one of the first rap song’s to reach the top of the charts in mainstream pop music. Although Blondie is a punk/rock band, they were the proper catalyst to give Hip Hop the mainstream attention it deserved. Hip Hop has changed since it’s birth in the 1970’s. Hip Hop is now apart of the mainstream music scene. It is not uncommon to see artist from different genres collaborating with Hip Hop artists. It is also not uncommon to see Hip Hop music and culture in movies, television shows, and commercials. In the past you would only see people from ethnic communities wearing Hip Hop clothing, now all races including Asian, Caucasian, etc have accepted the Hip Hop style. The subject matter has also changed. In the past Hip Hop lyrics focused on political and societal frustrations, now Hip Hop lyrics steer more toward provocative content. Hip Hop subject matter consists mostly of the aspirations of wealth, sex, drug use, and criminal activity. During the beginning years the age of the Hip Hop listener was wide spread. It ranged from teens to even adults in their 50’s. Although Hip Hop still has an adult audience, it is now more geared toward younger audiences. Younger listeners are more likely to purchase Hip Hop music and paraphernalia, than the older audience. As Blondie helped Hip Hop garner increased exposure in the United States, The internet and other advancements in technology helped Hip Hop gain global exposure. Technological changes in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first have enabled access to the social spaces previously bounded by time and geographic borders; a process identified by John Thompson as mediazation—a flow of images across time and space (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). The internet has created a world without barriers and borders. The internet helps connect people from Hong Kong, to people in Bellevue, Washington. Without the internet we would not have social networking. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, exposes us to different ideas, cultures, and music. MySpace is the leading social networking site when it comes to music. MySpace allows musicians from all over the globe to share their music with a diverse audience. User can find international music that they would not have been exposed to if MySpace was not created. Because of these connections to international music outlets Hip Hop has been able to spread to many countries. Many Countries have acquired Hip Hop into their own music scene. Many of these countries have mixed Hip Hop with their own popular music to form a new kind of Hip Hop. As more music driven social networking sites are created blending of different music cultures will be the norm. Japan has been one of the top countries for globalization of music. You can find reggae, dance hall, death metal, or Hip Hop blaring from clubs. Hip Hop has been the most popular type of music to globalize into the Japanese music market. Japan was introduced to hip hop in the fall of 1983 in the movie Wild Style (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop, 2010). This movie created an underground buzz. Soon Hip Hop in Japan began to be embraced by the Japanese youth. They ere inspired by the popular B-boy style of the western Hip Hop Culture. In the 21st Hip Hop’s popularity has become mainstream. Young Japanese listeners have also adopt the dress culture as well, wearing baggy clothes, and backward caps. Because Hip Hop in America focuses on the hard life living in the ghetto, some think that Japanese Hip Hop is not authentic. With a lack of ghettos, Japanese youth consider hip hop to be more about fashion–baggy jeans, medallions, dread locks. Actual Japanese rap lyrics have a tendency to refer to mundane subjects such as food, cell phones, and shopping (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop†, 2010). The Japanese subculture of â€Å"blackfacers† may also challenge Japanese Hip Hop authenticity. The Japanese pop group, the Gosperats, has been known to wear black face makeup during performances (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop, 2010). This example of imitation will most likely not be embraced by western â€Å"Hip Hop Heads† (Avid Hip Hop Listeners). Many would think that instead of taking Hip Hop into their own hands and constructing something different and new for the genre, they just ride on the backs of western Hip Hop creativity. Brazil is another country that has adopted Hip Hop culture into their own culture. Brazilian Hip Hop was born in the barrios (ghettos) of Brazil. The Brazilian youth were drawn to the western Hip Hop culture. Hip Hop gave them a platform to voice the political and economic turmoil of living in the barrio. To escape their impoverished lives, break dancers, DJs, graffiti artists, and rappers would meet at the Largo de Sao Bento and in the center of Sao Paulo on weekends, where Brazilian rap’s distinctive sound (often incorporating roots, samba, and reggae) and lyrics began to be developed (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). This integration of Hip Hop and Brazilian based music birthed Baile Funk. Baile Funk can be described as Hip Hop as it might sound in the post-apocalyptic wasteland of Mad Max (Edlund, 2005). This wild sound of Baile Funk screams the pain of the Brazilian slums. Brazilian Hip Hop has garnered much respect world wide. It’s authentic sound, and unapologetic, infectious beats have inspired artist everywhere. Because the Brazilian youth choose to hybridize the Brazilian and hip hop sound, they are respected for their originality. Latin Hip Hop is significant because of the close proximity that Latino countries such as Mexico and Cuba are to America. Latino Hip Hop developed within the youth community. The Latino youth could relate to the hard life Hip Hop artist had in the ghetto. Many Latino Hip Hop acts were created by youth frustration in substandard living conditions. Because of the border between Mexico and the United States, Mexican Hip Hop was greatly influenced by western Hip Hop. The mixture of Spanish lyrics with American ones created a â€Å"Spanglish† sound. Control Machete, founded in 1995, is most accurately classified as hip-hop, blended with the distinctive sounds of traditional Mexican guitar harmonies and the rhythms of danzon (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). This mix was used to target the Mexican youth to seek change of political and social problems amongst the Mexican community. These Mexican Hip Hop bands have also garnered a substantial following in the United States; because of the close proximity to the U. S. music flowing in both directions increase the influence of the Mexican music scene (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). Cuba is another Latin country affected by Hip Hop music. Even though trade and travel between the United States and Cuba is restricted ,Hip Hop has still been able to influence their music. Cuban citizens were suppressed in many ways including free speech in journalism. Music was the only outlet to air political, economic, and social grievances. Songs about prostitution, street life, poverty, domestic violence, obsession with money, class differences, and the lack of spiritual and ethical values abound, and their biting, poetic criticism is a refreshing antidote to the island’s lifeless press (â€Å"Cuban Hip Hop†, 2008). Lastly, Europe has not been able to dodge the influence of Hip Hop culture. The British Hip Hop scene is still forming an audience in the United States, while it has wide spread popularity in it’s native U. K. British grime is the fusion of cockney slang with hard beats, and Hip Hop flavor. The style grew out of London’s mostly black projects, called council estates, sometime around 2002, and spread via pirate radio, which functions in Britain essentially as mix tapes do here (Edlund, 2005). French Hip Hop is also alive in Europe. This is an incredible feat because French culture is usually very resistant to American influences. Although French Hip Hop is mainstream in Europe, it has not garnered much success in the states. Throughout the past twenty years, the French hip-hop community has cultivated its own style and sensibilities while staying closely connected to American artists via music videos, concerts, radio, and other media (Hip Hop Music and Culture, 2005). There are many questions about the true authenticity of these forms of Hip Hop. With the exception of the Japanese Hip Hop Movement, it can be said with confidence that authenticity has been achieved. While the Japanese Hip Hop movement stays true to the old school rap values and mentality, it does not go further than that. It does not seek to mix cultural influences with it’s music like the other countries. The European, Latino, and Brazilian Hip Hop movement have all mixed their culture, old and new to build something that is truly their own. By adding each countries unique social, economic, and political turmoil, each international Hip Hop genre speaks a song of oppression, pain, and hope for the future that their own culture can relate to and value. Besides the Japanese Hip Hop community all other Hip Hop communities chose to hybridize their cultures with Hip Hop. The Japanese Hip Hop culture sought to homogenize itself. They seem to be more focus on imitating American Hip Hop life instead of building their own experiences. The adaptation of Hip Hop internationally is not really different in each country. Although there problems may be different, they have the common denominator of being powered by the youth. Each Culture’s youth has grabbed hold of the Western Hip Hop ideals to create their own individuality in their own country. Also, Hip Hop seems to flourish is poor societies. These artist have more heart felt words to speak and genuine creativity because when you are brought up in such poor societal conditions that is sometimes all you have to hold on to. Hip Hop proves to be the voice of the people that may not be able to speak for themselves in conventional ways. Globalization has allowed many people who would not have the means to speak up, to be able to take center stage. Many believe that globalization will be the end of individuality and creativity. This has been a theory that seems to fail when put up against Hip Hop globalization. Hip Hop Globalization has proven to hybridize communities and music,that in the end forms something that has never been seen before. Globalization may prove that instead of making the world â€Å"flat†, it will create new mountains and craters of creativity that were never imagined.

Geography Reflection

This project was challenging from the beginning. We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them.Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly. If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the p resentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation.However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning. We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper.Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly. If I were to re-do the project I w ould have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end.I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning. We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions.I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly. If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went.We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning. We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around.Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’ t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had t heir own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of th e paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper . Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however w e did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. How ever I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sou rces and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper s hould go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to s tructure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the o ther members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help and we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited o ur work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper. This project was challenging from the beginning.We had difficulty identifying what we were going to center our project around. Once we got going however we did get a lot of productive work done. I didn’t contribute a large direct contribution to the paper, but I did the introduction and conclusion portions. I also worked closely with Yibo and Bobby to structure their arguments in their portions of the paper. Bobby found my assistance very helpful and him and I constantly worked on revising portions of the paper as we were writing them. Yibo asked for help a nd we gave him help as well as outlined how his paper should go, but he was unable to structure his part of the paper accordingly.If I were to re-do the project I would have liked to work more closely with Yibo on his part of the paper, and ensured we all cited our work as we went. We got mixed up in a few of our sources and it was a headache to fit them at the end, but we were able to crunch it out at the end. I felt the presentation fell upon my lap for the most part and I would have liked more contributions from the other members as far as setting up the presentation. However I was very grateful that each of the members had their own knowledge about their sections of the paper.

Charles on fire

Appearances, or spirituality? Charles on fire, by James Merrill, describes a conversation about the trade off between the maintaining of appearances and the pursuing of spirituality, which the discussion happened among three friends. The process of spirituality finding Is beautiful but painful, and people would rather stay with appearances. One of them, the bearded man, says, â€Å"Without your Intellectual and spiritual values, man, you are sunk. † The beard implies that this man is old enough to summary something f life.And his friends realize that he is right, they do only pay attention to the surface, the appearances. So they begin to contemplate. Then Charles appears, â€Å"brought out little tumblers finely etched† filled with wine, then lights a fire in one glass. The narrator describes the beautiful view of the fire on wine, â€Å"A blue flame, gentle, beautiful, came, went above the surface,† but rapidly â€Å"we heard the vessel crack† and  "the contents drained†. That means if you want to chase the rise of your spirit, you usually need to pay pain as the cost.And this pain is so unbearable that few people can tolerate It. That is why Charles â€Å"made two quick sweeps† to extinguish the flames and â€Å"flesh again. † The word â€Å"flesh† Implies that Charles comes back to a real person with flesh, not a virtual split. And even so, Charles still makes â€Å"a shocked, unconscious glance Into the mirror† because he cares about his appearance. Since he â€Å"finding nothing changed,† he â€Å"sank down among us,† just as the bearded man said, you are sunk. † Maybe in a few minutes, they are in â€Å"a crystal coach† which means they are in a higher level of life.However, finally they have to get out of the coach, and return to a normal person, a lower level of life. James Merrill uses many metaphors to make his readers contemplate. These metaphors are beauti ful, ingenious and most important, reasonable. It is wonderful that he can express his opinion through such a short, delicate poem. Discussion happened among three friends. The process of spirituality finding is them, the bearded man, says, â€Å"Without your intellectual and spiritual values, man, few people can tolerate it.That is why Charles â€Å"made two quick sweeps† to extinguish the flames and â€Å"flesh again. † The word â€Å"flesh† implies that Charles comes back to a real person with flesh, not a virtual spirit. And even so, Charles still makes â€Å"a shocked, unconscious glance into the mirror† because he cares about his appearance. Since he â€Å"finding nothing changed,† he â€Å"sank down among us,† Just as the bearded man said, â€Å"you are sunk. † Maybe in a few minutes, they are in â€Å"a crystal coach† which coach, and return to a normal person, a lower level of life. James Merrill uses

Evolution of the Nation & the Civil War Essay

The end of the Civil War brought about political and economic reform to the United States. Reforms in the Reconstruction Period were passed to foster and maintain economic activity, creating industries and expanding businesses, contributing to the boom of Industrial Revolution in the country. Years of political clout and debate remarkably laundered constitutional amendments for the black man’s rights (Oberholtze, 1917). Inventions paved the way to the development of new industries such as telecommunication, transportation, electricity and construction. The discovery, access to and processing of raw materials -facilitated by technology- allowed products to be transported from manufacturing factories to populated areas for distribution. Such enterprise development measures were supported by the improvement of the transport and communication system via paved roads, bridges, canals, railroads and the telegraph. New jobs were created to cater to the needs of the fast growing economy and population. Enormous infrastructures were built to accommodate the growing city dwellers and workers. Increase in profits of manufacturing industries encouraged a steady influx of immigrants working in the production lines (Engerman, 2000). Competition and increasing market goals forced companies to expand trade and operations in other countries, imperialism’s objective. Altogether, technological advancement, cheap labor and availability of capital led to America’s heavy industrialization. This period of rise and fall largely contributed to America’s development into a superpower. However, as a young nation, America was set back with undesirable impacts of industrialization. As production staff volume increased, conflict between workers and management grew. Industrial achievements due to aggressive marketing of manufactured goods and increased foreign trade introduced more white collar jobs facilitating corporate operations. Management and administrative work were better rewarded than assembly-line work, providing better opportunities for educated and powerful who came to enjoy lucrative lifestyles; while creating inequalities of wealth, discontent and rousing uprisings from laborers who formed unions to pursue their rights. Marxist leaders helped reshape capitalist thought and corporate laws. Growing market demand meant increasing supply needs leading to resource exploitation in some areas leaving irreparable damage to the environment. Concern for increased production overshadowed the seemingly abundant resources. Even large corporations who came to have leverage in policy-making used their power to generate more profit. Developments in transportation made it easy for people to move about creating a melting pot of US residents and migrants, gave way to explosion of population in urban areas, forming cities. The attraction of immigrants made uprisings in social injustices -competition and aggression- between old American settlers versus the new immigrants. Urban legislators targeted services to win the votes of increasing foreign workers maligning the democratic electoral process. Too aggressive amassing and building of wealth and power triggered the economic crash of 1873 when the government’s major investment bank, financer of government reconstruction loans and the Northern Pacific Railroad, crashed (Bancroft, 1902). For many years, new business management styles were practiced by corporations, every time cleaning up failed ventures with hopefully better alternatives. Many times, the finance and investment sector failed but lessons were dealt with outmost concern for capital and development-oriented sources. As population grew in cities, people moved to occupy the western territories. Development gradually followed increasing the number of states joining the union. At the same time, America had growing concern for the rapid growth of the British Empire. Following British example, America colonized territories and expanded the home base and also the market for its produce. American industrialists pushed for westward progression, integrating the continent-wide unified market reducing production cost and increasing value per output of production enabling American working class to earn higher than counterparts across the globe. Higher wage was initially purported by higher bid of wage levels experienced in the pre-industrialization era using slave-labor and eventually sustained by capitalism during the reconstruction period despite the increase in laborers and economic conflict many years after. Nevertheless, the labor force and farmers suffered greatly being dependent on businesses that supported their sources of income (McElvaine, 1993). The years of depression was a roller coaster ride for most corporate giants who still reap the most benefit even during economic downfall. During World War I, America tapped the international market (McElvaine, 1993). They penetrated into countries that did not have resources for food production. US production increased to cater to the needs of incapacitated economies. With its strong capitalist foundation, the US took advantage of World War I devastation across Europe and Japan (Olson, 1988). Forced to reduce trade barriers, Europe, Japan and their colonies were opened to globalization, with efforts initiated by American powers. Development of farm machinery automated farming practices and increased US production. The US became the world’s foremost producer of agricultural products in power economies like Europe and Japan were destroyed. The downside, farmers became all the more dependent on new businesses offering loans, transportation, equipment manufacturers and middle men who facilitated crop entry into international markets. Though, when the war ended, competition became stiff forcing America to make internal changes to beef up industrial efforts. This led to the development of advertising and marketing strategies encouraging people to consume. People wanted to get away from the prolonged depression and rode with the bandwagon, buying what advertisers offered. A mass culture of consumerism proliferated. This was made possible even for people who would not afford through the credit system, promoting instant access to commodities and luxuries and deferring payment with terms (McElvaine, 1993). Many US bankers reached across the globe and lent European countries for post war reconstruction. Economic instability after war did not go along US banks’ objectives and increased the risk of non-payment of loans. This would eventually lead to the Great Depression affecting businesses and communities worldwide. The entire financial industry suffered leading to property and business closures (Olson, 1988). The imposition of higher taxes on imports caused local markets to patronize locally manufactured goods. However, other countries retaliated by imposing high taxes on US exports, resulting in less foreign trade profits and eventually less power in international market penetration (McElvaine, 1993). The growing rate in stocks investment of major industrial companies caught the attention of many. Stock buying became a trend, relying in the belief that this will make people rich. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 marked the domino economic disruption made vulnerable by unequal distribution of wealth and banking problems. Renewed global strategy in achieving international trade through humanitarian and democratic efforts became America’s initiative to promote global security. Priority was also given to secure citizens through provision of social welfare. State-governed economic planning organized nationwide industrial regulations to propel the rise from the Depression. Powerful American businesses have lobbied for rights in exploring resources in other countries despite conservative and anti-colonialism proponents in US government limited US economic expansion. However, open trading between economies leveled the playing field in production and markets. The Progressive Era marked a turning point of US imperial power into a more humanist and democratic torch bearer in an effort to resolve the problems and issues brought about by industrialization and urbanization. Leaders focused on long-term goals, core values and implementation of development programs. Reformists, including President Franklin Roosevelt in the New Deal, sought to end monopolies, destroy political corruption and lessen the gap between the affluent and poor. Through the New Deal, authorized nationwide assistance to socio-economic development of individuals. Agencies were set up to provide employment, regulate mortgage and housing conditions, administered social security, consumer rights and raised funding for education, food and drug safety. Concerns of the working and business class were brought together (Mintz, 2006). Progressive ideologies affected political, social and cultural movements in the local and eventually made impacts on international human rights revolution and the initiation of international governing bodies to secure international relations in politics and economics. Radical changes in international standards and relationships were fostered. The UN and the NATO was founded in 1945 and 1948, respectively. The US became stronger despite its diversity. Operation Breadbasket was launched to increase employment of cultural minorities. From its indistinguishable character, America’s economic, social and technological transformation continues to awe the world. Today, its mandate for democracy and freedom still thrive and inspire other nationalities. References Bancroft, H. (1902). The Financial Panic of 1837. The Great Republic By the Master Historians Vol. III. Retrieved 11-5-2008 from http://www. publicbookshelf. com/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_III/thepanic_ce. html Engerman, S. and K. Sokoloff. (2000). Technology and Industrialization, 1790-1914. In The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McElvaine, R. S. (1993). The Great Depression: America 1929-1941. Three Rivers Press. Mintz, S. (2006). Learn About the Progressive Era. Digital History. Retrieved 11-5-2008 from http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/modules/progressivism/index. cfm. Oberholtze, E. (1917). A History of the United States since the Civil War, Vol. 1. Macmillan. Olson, J. (1988). from World War I to the New Deal, 1919-1933. Historical dictionary of the 1920s. New York : Greenwood Press.

Analysis of Open and Closed Economies

Analysis of Open and Closed Economies Table of Contents (Jump to) TASK1 1.0 DEFINITION OF OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.2 COUNTRY WHO PRACTISE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.3 CONSUMPTION AMONG OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.4 INVESTMENT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.5 IMPORT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY TASK2 2.0 UTILIZE 2.1 WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.3 FOUR PRODUCTION FACTORS EFFICIENTLY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.4 INTRODUCE NEW TECHNOLOGY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.5 INVESTMENT IN NEWPLANT AND EQUIPMENT AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.6 ENSURE SUFFICIENT DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR PRODUCTS AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 3.0 CONCULUSION 4.0 REFERENCES TASK1 1.0 DEFINITION OF OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY An open economy is an economy in which there are economic activities between domestic community and outside, e.g. people, including businesses, can trade in goods and services with other people and businesses in the international community, an d flow of funds as investment across the border. Trade can be in the form of managerial exchange, technology transfers, all kinds of goods and services. Although, there are certain exceptions that cannot be exchanged, like, railway services of a country cannot be traded with another to avail this service, a country has to produce its own. This contrasts with a closed economy in which international trade and finance cannot take place. The act of selling goods or services to a foreign country is called exporting. The act of buying goods or services from a foreign country is called importing. Together exporting and importing are collectively called international trade. There are a number of advantages for citizens of a country with an open economy. One primary advantage is that the citizen consumers have a much larger variety of goods and services from which to choose. Additionally, consumers have an opportunity to invest their savings outside of the country. In an open economy, a coun try’s spending in any given year need not to equal its output of goods and services. A country can spend more money than it produces by borrowing from abroad, or it can spend less than it produces and lend the difference to foreigners. There is no closed economy in today’s world. An economy in which no activity is conducted with outside economies. A closed economy is self-sufficient, meaning that no imports are brought in and no exports are sent out. The goal is to provide consumers with everything that they need from within the economy’s borders. A closed economy is the opposite of an open economy, in which a country will conduct trade with outside regions. 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.2 COUNTRY WHO PRACTISE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY American countries in adopting open economy and free and other trade practices or the United States an open economy is the opposite of a managed economy. It is one that is characteristically market- oriented, with free market policies rather than government-imposed price controls. In an open economy industries tend to be privately owned rather than owned by the government. In the area of international trade an open economy is one whose policies promote free trade over protectionism .On the other hand, a managed or closed economy is characterized by protective tariffs, state-run or nationalized industries, extensive government regulations and price controls, and similar policies indicative of a government-controlled economy. In a managed economy the government typically intervenes to influence the production of goods and services. In an open economy, market forces are allowed to determine production levels. A completely open economy exists only in theory. For example, no country in the world allows unlimited free access to its markets. Most nations have fiscal and monetary policies that attempt to improve their economies. Many economies that are open in some respects may still h ave government owned, monopolistic industries. A country is considered to have an open economy, however, if its policies allow market forces to determine such matters as production and pricing.

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project Assignment

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project - Assignment Example The second method is the closed mould which uses a bag and foam core. This method is commonly used to manufacture frames and monocoque frames. This paper analyses the process of manufacturing bicycles using the carbon fibre in two parts. This includes the time that carbon fibre takes to corrode during the process. This part looks at the process of manufacturing a bicycle using the methods available under the use of composite. The second part is the options available for corrosion resistance for the components used in the method. It is important to protect frames of these bicycles against corrosion which constitutes much of damages caused con them. Carbon fiber, which is also known as graphite fiber or even carbon graphite, is a material that is composed of fibers nearly a diameter of 5–10Â  ÃŽ ¼m and mainly consists of carbon atoms. They are joined in crystals that align themselves parallel to the fiber’s long axis. The alignment of the crystals provides the fiber with high strength to volume ratio, this renders it strong for its size. Many carbon fibers are brought together or joined to make a tow; this can be used by itself or even make a fabric (Campbell, 2003, p.36). The carbon fibers’ characteristics, like high solidity, low density, high tensile strength, high tolerance to temperature, high chemical opposition, and low thermal expansion greatly makes them to be largely used in military, aerospace, motorsports as well as civil engineering, also in some other competition sports. The carbon fibers are slightly expensive in comparison with some other fibers like plastic fibers and glass fibers. They are normally mixed with some other materials to come up with a composite. When they are mixed with a plastic resin and then molded, we find that the result is carbon fiber reinforced plastic; this is commonly known as carbon fiber and has a strength-to-weight ratio that is very high, which is very rigid even though