Mercury Drugs Essay Sample free essay sample

The organization started in 1945 with an individual apothecarys shop possessed by Mariano Que. He named it after Mercury. the dispatch of the Gods in Roman folklore. whose caduceus is at times utilized as an image of clinical claim to fame. The shop started cutting bundled. mass focuses into singular pieces and selling them independently ; this training is conversationally called tingi-tingi in Filipino. Upon the greeting of Ayala Corporation. Mercury Drug opened its second region in May 1963 at a creating business focus in Makati now known as the Ayala Center. In 1965. Mercury Drug set up its milestone region by Plaza Miranda. Quiapo. Manila. which is imperative for its huge open air LED screen. Meaning of ‘Industry’A classification that alludes to a gathering of organizations that are connected in footings of their essential concern exercises. In present day financial frameworks. there are tonss of various industry arrangements. which are commonly gathered into bigger classs called areas. Singular organizations are overall ordered into ventures dependent on their biggest beginnings of gross. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mercury Drugs Essay Sample or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For outline. a vehicle creator may hold a touch of financing division that contributes 10 % to generally speaking grosss. be that as it may, the organization will even now be all around named a vehicle shaper for credit goals. Smaller scale ENVIRONMENTSuppliers: Showcasing Mediators:Ahead of its clasp. Mercury Drug has been in the head of promoting creation and modernisation. From its â€Å"tingi-tingi† or by piece strategy for selling in 1945. it spearheaded the mechanized acquiring administration 1948 in this manner seting without hesitation Mercury Drug’s first vision †â€Å"to serve you. to hold what you need. at the point when you need it. † Then. when apothecarys shops shut during early afternoon cut and opened 5 yearss a hebdomad. it presented a 17-hour. 7 yearss a hebdomad apothecarys shop administration in 1952 and in the end going today’s every minute of every day apothecarys shop link with its â€Å"Gising 24 Oras† activities in significant areas broadly. Its self-administration retail build propelled in 1963 is presently systematized as the Store Conversion Program where Mercury Drug shops are changed over into superstores that consolidates its pharmaceutics tasks with comfort shops. It did away the conventional everything-over-the-counter marketing and received superstores. which gave customers quicker and increasingly advantageous way to shop and with a more extensive extent of stocks to take from. The general effect of these innovations was that they gave a superior way of doing clinical claims to fame minimal effort and open to more Filipinos. With the appearing in of the period of building and the outgrowth of questioning economic situations and turning customer requests. Mercury Drug re-imagined itself to oblige to its anxiety condition. To additionally bettering its shop degree tasks. the automated Take Order Stations have accelerated working clasp per customer. resulting to chop down holding up cut. Its Suki Card. a customer esteem card. has empowered its dependable customers to pick up focuses on their buys which they can use as limits on their following buy. The Mercury TV. introduced in excess of 300 developments. a genuine combination of retail and delight or â€Å"Retail-tainment† . It has been providing customers with an everyday measurement of tips on solid way of life through straightforward. chip and very illuminating stuffs. Its continuous in-house Service Excellence Training Program for its workers has improved help greatness and customer dealingss at the shops. Indeed, even since it has firmly settle d itself as the country’s No. 1 organization in the medication retail concern. Mercury Drug will non lay on its honors. On the other hand. its triumphs fill in as springboard for future selling plans focused on run intoing customer viewpoints and doing each Mercury Drug buy a lovely encounter. Boss Competitors in Micro Environment: Caltex ; I-Mart International Corporation ; Phils. Enterprise ; Easy Mart ; Petron Corporation ; Philippine Seven Corporation ; Robert robinsons Convenience Store Inc. ; Seaoil Philippines Inc. ; Shell Philippines Inc. ; Philippines Corporation. Clients: The customers or the buyers of mercury apothecarys shop are both those in higher class or average costumiers who can manage the cost of the budgetary appropriation of a product. Full scale ENVIRONMENTDemographics:Employees: 7. 000Gross saless: PHP 42. 98 billion ( $ 8. 8 billion ) ( 2003 est. )NAIC: 446110 Pharmacies and Drug ShopsMercury Drug Corporation is the Philippines’ prevailing pharmaceutics gathering. The Quezon City-based organization works a national connection of more than 450 apothecarys shops. counting organization claimed and diversified shops. Mercury Drug is evaluated to sell each piece much as 60 for each centum of every clinical claim to fame sold every twelvemonth in the Philippines ( the country’s hospitals sell around 12 for each centum of clinical fortes ) . Mercury Drug’s pharmaceuticss follow the American hypothetical record. joining medication and clinical gear net incomes with nonprescription clinical strengths. individual consideration focuses. fundamental family requests. beautifiers and other excellence stocks. also, the comparable. The majority of the company’s shops other than are prepared to hive a way and sell serums. blood plasma. egg whites. what's more, comparative naturally dynamic clinical stocks. In add-on to its apothecarys shops. Mercury works a connection of Mercury Drug Superstores. All things considered connected to the company’s pharmaceuticss. the Mercury Drug Superstores stretch out the group’s blend to incorporate comfort shop and inexpensive food focuses. By the mid-2000s. Mercury Drug Corporation worked in excess of 150 Mercury Drug Superstores. Established by Mariano Que. who principal sold pills from a pushcart in the fortiess. Mercury Drug Corporation stays an in private held organization. Authority of the organization other than stays in the family: The company’s president is Mariano Que’s young lady. Vivian Que-Ascona. Mercury Drug is a subordinate of the Mercury Group of Companies. which administers other Que family inclusions. counting the 10*Q accommodation shop connection and the Tropical Hut inexpensive food gathering. In 2003. Mercury Drug’s grosss added up to about PHP 43 billion ( $ 8. 8 billion ) .

Hotel Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Inn Management - Essay Example Despite the fact that supporters of virtual gatherings and other innovative applications battle that a similar goal could be accomplished by wiping out up close and personal gatherings, one contends that virtual gatherings and other PC interceded types of correspondence are generally inclined to interruptions. Since the clients are in various areas, which are generally helpful to their individual undertakings, regardless of showing nearness during the virtual gathering, these members could in truth proceed with different types of exercises, for example, reacting to messages, messaging, and making side discussions without the undeniable information on different members. In that capacity, those taking part in virtual gatherings and other mechanically intervened types of correspondence, show failure to concentrate totally and dedicatedly since interruptions flourish. With huge up close and personal gatherings which are intended to join individuals into working together, taking an interest, watching, tuning in, responding, reacting and interfacing with different members, progressively breathed life into conversation follows. The component of human collaboration is critical and vital as it shows a type of duty, a social bond that demonstrates adjustment to similar objectives, methods of reasoning, qualities and standards advanced by the gathering, of which the individuals should be dynamic members. Similarly, through continuous response and reactions handed-off by the members, important and vital issues are quickly settled. There are clearly numerous points of interest of eye to eye gatherings that couldn't simply be completely overlooked or excused; even with the productive use and advantages of virtual gatherings and PC interceded types of correspondence. For one, up close and personal gatherings can create progressively constructive and energetic reaction from members that persuade the gathering to be increasingly eager about the goal being

o 2017

c/o 2017 last friday a lot of my friends walked at commencement  after a speech from tim cook and a ceremonial turning-of-rings. this class especially my class carries a lot of people who taught me how to care, how to think, and how to be a good friend, mostly by being good friends to me. there are people graduating today that ive known since high school. and there are people that i only got to know this year or this semester, because of a class or a party or a conversation or some circumstance or another. i dont believe that friendships are defined by length-of-knowing. but this class of people is, i suppose, special in that we entered mit at roughly the same time and grew in some sense of togetherness, and maybe i feel like i know this class a little better than the others, so ill excuse myself for having some extra level of fondness for the 2017s. i dont know how to say goodbye to them. finals week came and went with a characteristic rush of moments, everyone finishing their final papers and studying for their last exams, and suddenly my room was packed and i was on a plane home to california. i had a nagging sense that there were lots of people i needed to spend time with one more meal, one more walk, before they all dispersed. i know i didnt get to spend time with nearly all the people i wanted to. but i saw a lot of them in those last few days of the semester, taking trips to dim sum or hot pot, eating cake in the lounge, waving hello and chatting about whatever between commitments. sometime a few weeks ago, my a cappella group sang senior singouts at our final concert one last song for every graduating senior. before each song, someone gets up and talks about how much that senior means to the group. they tell stories about how they met, reminisce about late-night conversations, and reflect on the things theyve learned. and my hall, fifth west in east campus, did something similar we got a bunch of fizzy drinks and some cheese and crackers and toasted each other and told stories about fifth west and what it is and what it means. i love these rituals because they give me a chance to tell people what they mean to me. i dont think we do that enough celebrate each other. so the class of 2017. thanks for your patience and your love. thanks for all the things you taught me about how to learn and how to work. thanks for your passion all the things that made you angry, all the things that gave you joy, all the stupid memes you made and thanks for talking about it, and thank you even more for doing something about it. i know so many of you that have worked hard to care for each other, doing the work of shaping our culture into something more ideal, whether by looking out for a friend or by fighting hard for broader change or simply by making sure that your work conformed with your principles and your interests. i see and respect you, and your work, and your friendship. here are the things i think of how you remembered each others birthdays and used them as excuses to spend time together. ihop and dominos and dim sum and walking and talking and not talking at night, outside, after it got warm. taking buses together. taking pictures of each other. baking all kinds of complicated sweets at all kinds of odd hours, sharing them with your neighbors. talking about our communities, and what we wanted them to be. scrapbooking and reminiscing about old photographs printing them out to physicalize them, putting them in picture frames or pinning them on the wall. working together on psets in my room or in your room or somewhere else just to enjoy each others company, bringing each other tea and water, every moment amazing me in quiet happiness. now listening to bon iver and the staves  and mercury and a journal entry from a few weeks ago these people make me prouder than anything else, that in some small and minute way i have maybe influenced these people i admire so deeply. maybe pride is not quite the right word. or if pride, then the kind of pride you feel when your friends succeed -- pride that comes from proximity to greatness. my mom always told me that how people treat you reflects only on them, not on you -- if someone treats you kindly it only means they are a kind person, and if someone treats you rudely it only means they are rude. gratefully recognizing this, everywhere, in my friends' goodness, how much of it there is. Post Tagged #Commencement

Ap English Open Ended Questions For Exa - 5390 Words

AP ENGLISH OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATIONS (Question 3) Sample Question 1: In some works of literature the insanity (or a period of insanity) of a main character plays a central role. Choose a novel or play of literary merit and write an essay in which you discuss the mental illness of a central character and the specific ways in which that character’s illness relates to the larger themes of the work. Avoid plot summary. Sample Question 2: â€Å"The struggle to achieve dominance over others frequently appears in fiction.† Choose a novel in which such a struggle for dominance occurs, and write an essay showing for what purposes the author uses the struggle. Avoid plot summary Sample Question 3: In many works of literature, a main†¦show more content†¦Choose a play with a major character to whom this statement applies and write an essay in which you consider the following points: what the character s illusion is and how it differs from reality as presented in the play and how the destruction or perpetuation of the illusion develops a theme of the play. 1969: Setting is the physical environment in which action occurs. It includes time and place. In many novels and plays, setting is used significantly. For examples, the author may employ it as a motivating force in human behavior, as a reflection of the state of mind of characters, or as a representation of the values held by characters. Choose a novel or a play in which setting is important and write an essay in which you explain the uses the author makes of it. Choose your illustrations from works of recognized literary merit. Do not merely summarize the plot. 1970: Choose a character from a work of recognized literary merit and write an essay in which you: briefly describe the standards of the fictional society in which the character exists, and show how the character is affected by and responds to those standards. Do not merely summarize the plot. Also 1970: Choose a work of recognized literary merit in which a specific inanimate object (e.g. a seashell, a handkerchief, a painting) is important, and write an essay in which you show how two or three of the purposes the object serves are related

What You Should Know About How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate and Why

What You Should Know About How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate and Why Maximizing your research outline's purpose will be able to help you compose a comprehensive paper. The aim of an outline is to find a visual representation of your paper before you get started writing so you can move things around and fill in a few of the blanks if you demand. The info is exactly like a conventional outline, but it doesn't incorporate the exact same formality. So long as you build a technique that is right for you and that includes the identical information as a conventional outline, you're fine. All About How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate Try to remember, even the most seasoned academic veterans have been required to learn to compose a research paper at some time in their career. Using your research as a means of projecting your strengths to employers will merely help you reach your career goals faster. Following that, speak with the professor about a few of your general suggestions and the potential research directions you're contemplating pursuing. There are many ways to acquire secondary research materials. When you compose a research paper you build upon what you know about the topic and make a deliberate attempt to learn what experts know. Our experts know everything for their subjects. Also, ensure that the laboratory is outfitted with up-to-date equipment that permits you to complete experiments efficiently and accurately. Explain briefly the significant points you intend to cover in your paper and why readers ought to be interested in your topic. As soon as you know what sort of research paper you ought to be writing, you will need to get a topic. What it means is that even in the event that you believe your topic is impressive, you may or might not be able to discover relevant sources easily. In any instance, you should try to pick a topic or a feature of your topic that's of interest to you. All businesses set various rates, and the price of a single page may vary from 10 to 100 dollars and in some instances even more. Paper was and still is extremely critical in today's world in a variety of ways. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. Using our services is totally safe. New Ideas Into How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate Never Before Revealed Effective research is going to be your ticket to success, however good of a writer you're. In some instances you might also conduct interviews. Look up online guides about how to cite your articles correctly if you're unsure. Look up online for guides on the best way to cite your articles correctly if you're unsure. Correct all errors that you could spot and enhance the general caliber of the paper to the best of your ability. A great research paper introduction should inform the reader about all of the characteristics of the problem under consideration. Anyway, you may always request a totally free revision because we would like you to be 100% satisfied with our expert services. In reality, you can alter the order of the steps based on the topic, your understanding of the matter, and your sources. Things You Should Know About How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate Each and every sentence in your paper ought to be closely connected to the full theme with no diversion. Start out with a 1 sentence introduction, jot down phrases of your primary points that you wish to make, and after that finish with a 1 sentence conclusion. You also need to know what sort of paper you ought to be writing. So should you need a great paper written quickly for a fair price, turn to us and we can assist you. The research essay is basically a more in-depth variant of the 5 paragraph essay. Such approach will allow you to make your research paper introduction attractive. Merely a brief summary is going to do. An investigation project is about understanding how to compose a research paper introduction. To start with, it's the price of writing a research paper. Conclusion If you're unsure of what you need to research, don't be scared. If you've answered no to more than two of the above mentioned questions, then you need to be prepared to say I need a person to write my research paper. Let's say you locate an article about whether children should be vaccinated. When you've produced a question, think about just what the path you believe the reply will take. There is really no quick way out of writing. You're going to be living with it for quite a while. The way an individual will perceive student's writing is dependent upon the start. How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate - Overview Our writers also undergo a string of other training that could truly convince us they are excellent for the job. Becoming a seasoned researcher and writer in any area or discipline takes a whole lot of practice. Unlike in school, it's not possible to come up with an academic project depend ent on the student's opinion and skills alone. One of the principal explanations for why students are continuously stressed out is they always get too many writing assignments.

Chemical Aspects of Life Paper Free Essays

Chemical Aspects of life HYPOTHESIS in this section i will be discussing my thoughts of the chemical aspects of life. Explaining what my hypotheses are, for what chemicals are in which substances and what affects the reagents will have on them. Protein testing will be performed on 2 substances,egg albumin and gelatin using Biuret’s solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Aspects of Life Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now If biuret’s solution is added to egg albumin then the egg albumin will change colors. If biuret’s solution is added to gelatin then there will be only the color of the biuret’s solution in there. When testing for lipids using the grease spot test three substances will be left to dry on a brown paper bag square lipids will appear in the form of a stain on the paper bag. If oil is left to dry on a paper bag then very evident stain will appear. If milk is left to dry on a paper bag then a residue will be left on top of the bag. When testing for lipids Using Sudan IV an oil and water test will be conducted, and an milk and water test will be done. If oil and water are tested using sudan IV then the oil will mix with the sudan IV. If milk and water are tested using Sudan IV then the Sudan Iv will not mix with either. When testing for carbohydrates benedict’s solution will be used and Hcl will be used as an additive to alter results. If benedict’s is added to glucose then the solution will change color. If benedict’s solution is added to sucrose then the solution will change color. If benedict’s solution is added to sucrose and Hcl there will be a more drastic color change. If benedict’s solution is added to milk then there will be a slight color change. If benedict’s solution is added to Hcl and milk there will be a drastic color change. If benedict’s solution is added to starch then there will be a color change. If benedict’s solution is added to starch and Hcl then there will be a more drastic color change. When testing for carbohydrates using iodine a porcelain spot plate will be used to better see color changes. If iodine is added to a starch solution then it will change color. If iodine is added to water then the iodine will become dilute. PROCEDURE Procedure: You will be testing for the presence of the following subtances: proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The carbohydrates will include monocaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch). Protein test Background: Proteins give color reactions with certain reagents. The compounds that give rise to these colors are formed not by the whole protein molecule but by certain amino acids present in the protein. Biuret solution will be used for the test. Biuret solution is a blue solution that turns a violet color in the presence of proteins this color change occurs when the Biurets reacts with the amino groups found in the amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins. add 3ml of dilute egg albumin solution to a test tube. Add biuret’s solutiong drop by drop. Stop if a violet color is obtained. Do not continue until a blue color occurs repeat the test with gelatin. Record your results. Lipid test Background: Lipids are insoluble in water but are soluble in fat solvents such as ether, acetone, and carbon tetrachloride. The simplest lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Lipids will remain on a brown paper bag after the water in the solution has evaporated, this will make the bag somewhat transparent. Secondly, a dye test will be done. In this test, dark red sudan IV will be used. Sudan IV is not soluble in water, but is soluble in lipids. You will be observing the distribution of dye in this test. Procedure: with a medicine dropper, add a drop of salad oil to the corner of a brown paper bag. To the opposite corner, add a drop of water. To one more corner, add a drop of milk. Let the fluids evaporate and then examine each spot by holding the paper to the light look for areas of transperency. Record your results Procedure: Add 3ml of water to a test tube. Add 1ml of oil to the same test tube. DO NOT SHAKE. Now add 2 drops of sudan IV. AGAIN, DO NOT SHAKE. Observe the distribution of the dye with respect to the water and oil. Record your results. Repeat this test using milk instead of oil. Record your results. CARBOHYDRATE TESTS: Background: sugar starch and cellulose are common examples of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are made up of the base elements c, h, and o in a 1:2:1 ratio. The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars such as glucose). Monosaccharides have just one carbon ring and are the building blocks of larger sugar molecules. Disaccharides, like sucrose, have two carbon rings. They are formed when two monosaccharides join together. Examples include: Maltose (glucose + glucose); Lactose (glucose + galactose); and sucrose (glucose + fructose). Polysaccharides have three or more carbon rings. Starch is an example of a polysaccharide. Procedure: put 3ml of benedict’s solution in a test tube. Add 2ml of 5% glucose solution. Carefully place the tube in a boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove the tube amd allow it to cool. Record the color reoeat the test with 3ml of benedict’s solution and 2ml of 5% sucrose solution. Again, place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes, remove and cool. Record the color put 2ml of the 5% sucrose solution to a test tube. This time add several drops of hydrochloric acid. Place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove and immediately add 3ml of benedict’s solution return it to the water bath for an addition 2 minutes. Remove and record the color put 3ml of benedict’s solution in a test tube. Add 2ml of milk. Again, place this into the boiling water bath for 2 minutes, remove and cool. Record the color. Again put 2ml of milk to a test tube. This time add several drops of hydrochloric acid. Place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove and immediately add 3ml of benedict’s solution. Return it to the water bath for an additional 2 minutes. Remove and record the color. Put 3ml of benedicts solution in a test tube. Add 2ml of starch solution. Place the tube once again into the boiling water bath for 2 minutes, remove and cool. Record the color. Again, put 2ml of starch into a test tube. This time add several drops of hydrochloric acid. Place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove and immediately add 3ml of benedicts solution return it to the water bath for an additional 2 minutes. Remove and record the color. Starch test: if a poly saccharide such as starch is present in a solution and iodine is added, the iodine ion will lodge itself in the polysaccharide chain and give it black-blue color. If iodine is added to a solution turn black-blue then starch is present. If the solution remains the color of iodine, reddish-orange, there is no starch present. Procedure: place a few drops of the starch solution into one well of a porcelain spot plate. Place a few drops of water into another well of the same plate. Add several drops of the iodine solution to both wells. Record the color of each. DATA When testing protein, the egg albumin solution turned dark violet when biuret solution was added, biuret’s solution was concentrated at the bottom. When testing gelatin for protein biuret’s solution turned the solution dark violet, with biuret’s solution concentrated at the bottom, and faded to completely clear. 5 drops and 4 drops were added to each test respectively. When performing the lipid test, a drop of oil left a large dark stain, water didn’t not leave a stain yet it left the paper warped, and milk left a faint stain and a glossy residue on top. When testing for lipids with sudan IV the oil stayed on top of the water and the sudan IV distributed evenly throughout the oil. When milk was tested, water mixed evenly with the milk, but the sudan IV only mixed into the very top portion of the mixture. When testing carbohydrates the 5% glucose solution changed to a cloudy red color. The 5% sucrose solution did not change color at all, and the sucrose Hcl changed to a greenish brown color. When milk was tested the solution changed to a yellow green color, it also looked chunky. When milk and hcl was tested it changed to a cloudy blue with chunks of white on top. he starch solution did not change color when the benedict’s solution was added, and Hcl did not alter the results in the next test. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS throughout the chemical aspects of life lab i have learned a variety of things including testing methods, what reagents are, and some general information about HCL and the contents of various substances. When test ing proteins i have discovered the both egg albumin and gelatin both contain protein. During testing for lipids, i’ve learned that milk contains lipids, although a faint amount there are some present. Oil and Milk both contain lipids. Oil as expected, and milk as expected. When testing For lipids using Sudan IV the oil sat ontop of the water and the sudan IV only mixed with it, but surprises came in the next test when water and milk mixed evenly, but Sudan IV only stayed to the top portion of the mixture. Testing for reducing sugars has led me to believe the HCL breaks down sugars to a simpler form, as it altered results for sucrose and milk. Glucose was already a reducing sugar as i found out after testing and sucrose was not, but after adding HCL to sucrose, the results dramatically changed so much so as from going to light blue in the first test to greenish brown in the second sucrose test. Milk seemed to have traces of reducing sugars but results were unclear, so HCL was added and the solution went from chunky yellow in the first milk test, to a chunky cloudy blue in the second test. Starch was found without any reducing sugars, if HCL was present or not. The solution was opaque blue because of benedict’s solution. While testing carbohydrates with test tubes and fancy heating and a bunch of chemicals is fun and all, it can just as simply be done with iodine using a porcelain spot plate. Iodine turns a dark color when in the presence of carbohydrates such as it did when in a starch solution and it was good old diluted brown-orange in water. MATERIALS Dilute egg albumin solution gelatin distilled water whole milk oil 5% sucrose 5% glucose starch solution glass stirrers biuret solution sudan IV benedict’s solution hydrochloric acid iodine pan of soapy water test tube clamps test tube brushes paper towels test tubes medicine droppers porcelain spot plate safety goggles test tube racks graduated cylnders beakers hot plate brown paper bag squares How to cite Chemical Aspects of Life Paper, Essay examples

Photosynthesis Coursework Essay Example

Photosynthesis Coursework Essay The aim of my experiment was to determine whether or not the intensity of light would affect the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. To do this, I placed a piece of Canadian pondweed in varying light intensities, and observed the amount of oxygen being given off. I used Canadian pondweed because of its unusual quality of giving off bubbles of gas from a cut end, when placed in water.IntroductionPhotosynthesis occurs only in the presence of light, and takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. Photosynthesis can be defined as the production of simple sugars from carbon dioxide and water causing the release of sugar and oxygen. The chemical equation for photosynthesis can be expressed as:(light)6CO2 + 6H2O à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C6H12O6 + 6O2 (in the presence of chlorophyll)The fact that all plants need light in order to photosynthesise has been proven many times in experiments, and so it is possible to say that without light, the plant would die. The reason that light intensity does a ffect the rate of photosynthesis is because as light, and therefore energy, falls on the chloroplasts in a leaf, it is trapped by the chlorophyll, which then makes the energy available for chemical reactions in the plant. Thus, as the amount of sunlight, or in this case light from a bulb, falls on the plant, more energy is absorbed, so more energy is available for the chemical reactions, and so more photosynthesis takes place in a given time. There are many factors, which affect the rate of photosynthesis, including light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. The maximum rate of photosynthesis will be constrained by a limiting factor. This factor will prevent the rate of photosynthesis from rising above a certain level, even if the other conditions needed for photosynthesis are improved. It will therefore be necessary to control these factors throughout the experiment so as not to let them affect the integrity of my investigation into the effect of light intensity .PredictionsI predicted that as the intensity of light increased, so would the rate of photosynthesis. Furthermore, I hypothesised that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase at a proportional rate until a certain level is reached, and the rate of increase will then go down. Eventually, a level will be reached where an increase in light intensity will have no further effect on the rate of photosynthesis, as there will be another limiting factor, in this case probably temperature.Preliminary workInitially, to ascertain a suitable range of distances at which to record results for my experiment, I did a preliminary investigation in which I recorded the number of bubbles of oxygen given off in a given time at various light intensities. To alter the light intensity, I placed a lamp at various distances from the plant. I also therefore needed a way of accurately measuring the light intensity, and I did this using a photometer. I recorded the lux reading (unit of light intensity) at each distance. I got the following results:Results of preliminary experimentDistanceLight intensityNo. Bubbles(cms)(lux)4555124080123511013301491425208162031018155902010945215101521Although this is a very quick, simple and efficient way of obtaining an idea of the trends for the graph, and the boundaries for the measurements, this experiment was not in itself in my opinion accurate enough to be the basis of my main experiment. This lack of accuracy was mainly due to the fact that by simply counting the bubbles, I was relying on each bubble being exactly the same size, which they clearly were not. The preliminary experiment will, however, give me a best fit curve to which I can compare my main graph, and also points at either end of my results at which it is clear to see light intensity has little or no effect. Here, it was in fact at a light intensity of around 950 when it seems that another factor such as temperature or carbon dioxide concentration has become a limiting factor. In my main experiment therefore, it will not be necessary to take readings above this point. It also shows that while my outer limits are justified, it would be better to take more readings between the distances of 10 and 20 centimetres, as the distance between the points is large at this point, and so I have decided to take readings at the following distances: 5, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45, cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s.MethodInput variables à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ light intensity is to be varied by increasing and decreasing the distance from the light source to the plantOutput variables à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volume of oxygen produced (rate of photosynthesis) is to be measured by finding the volume of oxygen produced in a minute, and thus finding the rate of photosynthesisControl variables à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Light wavelength (colour) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ light energy is absorbed by the pigment, chlorophyll, in the leaf. Chlorophyll easily absorbs blue light, in the 400-450 nm range, a nd also easily absorbs red light, in the 650-700 nm range. However it does not easily absorb green or yellow light, rather it reflects them, decreasing the amount of light absorbed, and therefore the rate of photosynthesis. This can easily be controlled, simply by using the same lamp throughout the experiment.Carbon dioxide concentration à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ This can affect the rate of photosynthesis, since if there is too little CO2, it can become the limiting factor, thus impeding the viability of the experiment. In this case, as long as the experiment is done over a short period of time, the amount of carbon dioxide used up by the plant will not be sufficient enough to cause the carbon dioxide concentration to become the limiting factor. If my experiment were to be performed over a longer period of time, for instance 24 hours, I would add a fixed amount of Sodium hydrogen carbonate to the water, thus ensuring a large enough supply of carbon dioxide.Water availability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ water i s also required in the photosynthesis reaction, and when it is lacking, the plantsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ stomata close to prevent further water loss. This closing of the stomata cells also leads to little carbon dioxide being able to diffuse through. Clearly, in a water plant, like the pondweed, as long as the plant is fully submerged in water at all times, this will not be a problem.Temperature à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Enzymes are used in the photosynthesis reactions of a plant. Therefore, temperature will increase the rate of photosynthesis, until a point at which the enzymes denature. Although performing the experiment at a temperature slightly higher than room temperature, perhaps 25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, would have a positive effect on the accuracy of the readings I took, as it would reduce the percentage error, by increasing the volumes, I decided that the inaccuracy of maintaining a constant temperature would outweigh any advantages. I am therefore going to perform the experiment at room temperature, chec king the temperature frequently, in case the heat given off from the light should slightly raise the temperature, in which case I shall simply refill the beaker with more water after each experiment.MethodApparatus listDesk lampAudus apparatusCanadian pond weedKnifeClampPond waterThermometerTest-tubeBeakerCold waterStopwatchCut a stem of Canadian pondweed of about 3cm in length. Fill a test-tube with pond water, and place it in a clamp, and then in a large beaker of cold water. Connect the end of the pondweed to the Audus apparatus. Insert a thermometer into the beaker, and record the temperature at the beginning and end of each experiment, merely as a precaution against a significant rise in temperature, which is not expected. Set up a lamp at a set distance from the plant, ensuring that this distance is from the filament of the lamp to the actual pondweed, rather than the edge of the beaker. The light intensity was measured in the same way as described in the preliminary experimen t, and assumed to be the same at any point at any particular distance. When bubbles are being produced at a steady rate, clear any previous bubbles from the tubing by moving the syringe. Start the stopwatch, and wait for 1 minute. Move the bubbles, which have been collected at the bend in the tubing to the part of the tube with a scale. Find the length of the bubble collected. Repeat for all other readings, and then repeat all readings a second time to get an average result for each distance.Audus apparatusUsing the described method, I found the following results:Results for main experimentDistanceLight intensitylength 1length 2average length(cm)(lux)(mm)(mm)(mm)510153.53.53.5109453.53.53.512770433.5146393.53.53.51650033.53.25183953332031023.52.75252081.52.51.75301491.51.51.53511011140800.510.75455500.50.25Although, because I was using light intensity as my variable, I did not need to record the distances as well, I did, simply to use them as a marker for each result, so that I only had to record the light intensity once at the beginning and from then I just had to align the lamp at the correct distance each time.AnalysisMy graph was in the form of a best-fit curve. I drew it as a curve rather than a straight line because of the clear pattern of the points. This meant that the rate of photosynthesis increased as the light intensity increased. This was because photosynthesis is a reaction, which needs energy from light to work, so as the amount of energy available from light increased with the rise in light intensity, so did the amount of oxygen produced as a product of photosynthesis.My graphs showed that the relationship between the light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis was non-linear, as both graphs produced a best-fit curve. However, as I expected in my hypothesis, it does appear that for the very first part of the graph, the increase in rate is in fact proportional to the increase in light intensity (i.e. a straight line) and I can show this by ta king some readings from the graph:Light intensity Rate of photosynthesis(All increase by the 100 1 (mm/min)same factor) 150 1.5 (mm/min)200 2 (mm/min)From these results, I am able to say that an increase in light intensity does certainly increase the rate of photosynthesis. The gradual decrease in the rate of increase of the rate of photosynthesis (the shallowing of the curve) can be attributed to the other factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis. As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate is being limited by certain factors, such as carbon dioxide and temperature. These factors do not immediately limit the rate of photosynthesis, but rather gradually. As light intensity increases further, so the rate of photosynthesis is being limited by other factors more and more, until the rate of photosynthesis is constant, and so is almost certainly limited in full by another factor.Overall, both graphs and my results support my predictions fully. My idea that the rate of photos ynthesis would increase with light intensity was comprehensively backed up by my results. This is because a higher light intensity involves a greater level of light energy, which can then be transferred to a special protein environment designed to convert the energy. Here, the energy of a photon is used to transfer electrons from one chlorophyll pigment to the next. When enough energy has been gathered at a reaction centre, ATP can be synthesised from ADP. The oxygen collected in the experiment is in fact the by-product of this reaction, and so it is clear to see that the more light energy, the more ADP is being converted into ATP and more oxygen is produced as a result.EvaluationAlthough I feel that my experiment was sound overall, I thought there were many points at which the accuracy was not perfect. As I have already stated, my preliminary experiment was not accurate enough to justify being used as my main experiment, mostly due to the fact that I was relying on all the bubbles being the same size, which they clearly werenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t, however many of the smaller inaccuracies also apply to my main experiment.Firstly, the distance between the light sources and the Canadian Pondweed were not measured to a very high degree of accuracy, especially when you note the fact that the distance should have been measured exactly from the filament of the light bulb to the centre of the plant, and it is possible here to find a percentage error. I estimate that the error could have been up to 0.5cm and I will find the percentage error for the largest and smallest reading using this estimate:Percentage error = possible inaccuracytotal reading% error distance10 5cm1 50cmIt is clear to see that the percentage error is much less for the larger distances. Although I was not actually using the distances as part of my results, I used them as a marker for where the lamp was placed each time, as I assumed that the light intensity would be the same each time at a particular dista nce. Therefore, any inaccuracies in measuring the distances, i.e. if a distance was slightly different when doing the actual experiment from the distance at which I earlier measured the light intensity, an error would ensue.The second major inaccuracy was in measuring the volume of oxygen given off.When reading the syringe there could have been an error of 0.25mm, and again it is possible to find a percentage error.% error volume3.57 7ml50 0.5mlFor the smallest volumes this is clearly a massive error, and to improve this, it would be necessary to do the readings over a longer period of time, therefore increasing the volumes, and in turn reducing the percentage errors.Another error would have been due to background light in the vicinity. We tried to reduce this error by closing all blinds in the laboratory, but due to practical reasons, we could not all perform the experiment in a separate room, and we therefore experienced light pollution from other studentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s experiments. This would have had a very marginal effect on my results as a whole, but to eliminate this problem completely, it would have been necessary to perform the experiment in a totally dark room.A further inaccuracy was in the heat generated by the lamp. As I have earlier described, temperature has a very noticeable effect on the rate of photosynthesis, and so any increase in the temperature of the pond water would have had serious effects on the accuracy of my results. To ensure this did not happen, I monitored the temperature of the water before and after every reading, to check that the temperature did in fact not rise. It turned out not to be a problem, as over the short period of time taken by my experimental readings, the temperature did not rise at all. However, if I were to extend the time of my experiment to 5 minutes for each reading for example, which would have the effect of reducing other percentage errors, I would have to find some way of keeping the temperature constant. O ne way of doing this would be to place a perspex block between the lamp and the plant, which would absorb most of the heat, while allowing the light energy to pass through.As I mentioned in my planning, carbon dioxide concentration could have been an error in the experiment, however, I feel that due to the short period of time taken, there is very little chance that the concentration would ever have been so low as to have become the limiting factor. Again if I were to carry out the experiment over a longer time period, it would have been necessary to add sodium hydrogen carbonate to the water to increase the carbon dioxide concentrations.The last inaccuracy, though a small one, was in the time keeping. The main problem here was in when to begin the minute. If for one reading, the minute was started just after one bubble had been produced, and in another reading it was just before, this could have had a negative effect on the accuracy of my results. I therefore ensured that in each c ase I started the stopwatch just after a bubble had been produced, thus heightening the accuracy.Overall, I felt that due to the small volumes of oxygen involved, my experiment was not as accurate as it could have been, however I believe it was accurate enough to support and justify my hypotheses. Improvements could have been made as I have stated, mainly by simply increasing the time taken. However, due to practical time constraints in taking the readings for my investigation, and some consequential problems relating to time extension, I could not in fact make these adjustments. The other obvious way of increasing the reliability of my results would be to take many repeat readings and find an average.To extend my enquiries into the rate of photosynthesis, I could perhaps try to link in some of the other limiting factors to the same experiment, as well as investigating them in their own right. It could also be interesting to explore the effects of coloured lights on the rate of phot osynthesis, which could lead to the question of whether or not other types of light, such as fluorescent lights or halogen lights, would have a different effect on the rate of photosynthes